![]() There is increasing evidence from response time experiments that language statistics and perceptual simulations both play a role in conceptual processing. In an EEG experiment we compared neural activity in cortical regions commonly associated with linguistic processing and visual perceptual processing to determine to what extent symbolic and embodied accounts of cognition applied. Participants were asked to determine the semantic relationship of word pairs (e.g., sky – ground) or to determine their iconic relationship (i.e., if the presentation of the pair matched their expected physical relationship). A linguistic bias was found toward the semantic judgment task and a perceptual bias was found toward the iconicity judgment task. More importantly, conceptual processing involved activation in brain regions associated with both linguistic and perceptual processes. When comparing the relative activation of linguistic cortical regions with perceptual cortical regions, the effect sizes for linguistic cortical regions were larger than those for the perceptual cortical regions early in a trial with the reverse being true later in a trial. These results map upon findings from other experimental literature and provide further evidence that processing of concept words relies both on language statistics and on perceptual simulations, whereby linguistic processes precede perceptual simulation processes. Introduction Conceptual processing elicits perceptual simulations. For instance, when people read the word pair sky – ground, one word presented above the other, processing is faster when sky appears above ground than when the words are presented in the reversed order (Zwaan and Yaxley,; Louwerse,; Louwerse and Jeuniaux, ). Embodiment theorists have interpreted this finding as evidence that perceptual and biomechanical processes underlie cognition (Glenberg,; Barsalou, ). Indeed, numerous studies show that processing is affected by tasks that invoke the consideration of perceptual features (see Pecher and Zwaan,; De Vega et al.,; Semin and Smith,; for overviews). 2 4 gm ecotec engine put in what vehicles. Much of this evidence comes from behavioral response time (RT) experiments, but there is also evidence stemming from neuropsychological studies (Buccino et al.,; Kan et al.,; Rueschemeyer et al., ). This embodied cognition account is oftentimes presented in contrast to a symbolic cognition account that suggests conceptual representations are formed from statistical linguistic frequencies (Landauer and Dumais, ). Such a symbolic cognition account that uses the mind-as-a-computer metaphor has occasionally been dismissed by embodiment theorists (Van Dantzig et al., ). Adobe elements for mac. Recently, researchers have cautioned pitting one account against another, demonstrating that symbolic and embodied cognition accounts can be integrated (Barsalou et al.,; Louwerse,,; Simmons et al., ).
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